Increased thalamic glutamate/glutamine levels in migraineurs

Abstract Background Increased cortical excitability has been hypothesized to play a critical role in various neurological disorders, such as restless legs syndrome, epilepsy and migraine.Particularly for migraine, local hyperexcitability has been reported.Levels of regional excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are related to cortical excitab

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Factors determining semen sample collection and semen quality parameters in African penguins Spheniscus demersus

Abstract Our research focuses on semen collection from 42 African penguin males, grouped by age, habituation levels, and reproductive season timing.We assess behavioral and physiological responses to dorso-abdominal massage, evaluating species-specific seminal traits using conventional and advanced methods.Positive behavioral responses corresponded

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